Nigel Henderson Artist | Art for Sale | Biography, Past and Future Exhibitions

Artist | Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985)

https://www.artist-info.com/artist/Nigel-Henderson

Exhibition History

SUMMARY based on artist-info records. More details and Visualizing Art Networks on demand.
Venue types: Gallery / Museum / Non-Profit / Collector

Exhibitions in artist-info

20 (S 3/ G 17)

Did show together with - Top 5 of 541 artists
(no. of shows) - all shows - Top 100

	Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (14)- 150
	Richard Hamilton (11)- 221
	John McHale (11)- 14
	William Turnbull [Bill Turnbull] (10)- 53
	Magda Cordell Mchale (8)- 10

Exhibitions by type

20: 3 / 9 / 8 / 0

Venues by type

15: 2 / 9 / 4 / 0

Curators

artist-info records

Apr 1954 - May 2026

Countries - Top 5 of 5
United Kingdom (11)
United States (5)
Germany (2)
Spain (1)
France (1)

Cities - Top 5 of 12
London (9)
Berkeley (1)
Chicago (1)
Liverpool (1)
Kassel (1)

Venues (no. of shows ) Top 5 of 15

	ICA - Institute of Contemporary Arts (4)
	Barbican Art Gallery (2)
	Whitechapel Gallery (2)
	Institut Valencià d’Art Modern - Centre Julio Gonzalez (IVAM) (1)
	The Museum of Contemporary Art - MOCA - Los Angeles (1)

Curators (no. of shows) Top 5 of 26

Lawrence Alloway(2), Martin Harrison(1), Nayia Yiakoumaki(1), Graham Whitham(1), Timothy Rub(1)

Offers/Requests Exhibition Announcement S / G Solo/Group Exhibitions			(..) Exhibitions + Favorites
New Humans - Memories of the Future
New Museum of Contemporary Art	G	Mar 2026 - May 2026	New York	(179)	+0
Gioni, Massimiliano (Curator)					+0
Carrion-Murayari, Gary (Curator)					+0
Crockett, Vivian (Curator)					+0
Weisburg, Madeline (Curator)					+0
Wang, Calvin (Curator)					+0

New Humans - 'Memories of the Future' New Museum of Contemporary Art , United States New York, United States [Alfred & Corinne Marié] A.C.M. (1951); Rebecca Allen (1954); Sophia Al-Maria (1983); Monira Al-Qadiri (1983); Yuri Ancarani (1972); Karel Appel (1921 - 2006); Ayé A. Aton (1940); Francis Bacon (1909 - 1992); Nanni Balestrini (1935); Ivana Bašić (1986); Thomas Bayrle (1937); Lucy Beech (1985); Hans Bellmer (1902 - 1975); [Benedetta Cappa Marinetti] Benedetta (1897 - 1977); Meriem Bennani (1988); Emery Blagdon (1907 - 1986); Erwin [Jan Bloomfield] Blumenfeld (1897 - 1969); Alexander Skunder Boghossian (1937 - 2003); [F. W. Bogler & Kurt Schmidt & Georg Teltscher] Bogler & Schmidt & Teltscher; Martha Boto (1925 - 2004); Constantin Brâncusi (1876 - 1957); Marianne Brandt (1893 - 1983); KP [Klaus Peter] Brehmer (1938 - 1997); André Breton (1896 - 1966); Teresa Burga (1935 - 2021); Miriam Cahn (1949); Fei CAO (1978); Enrique Castro-Cid (1937 - 1992); Giannina Censi (1913 - 1995); Barbara Chase-Riboud (1939); Yakov Georgievich Chernikhov [Tschernichow] (1889 - 1951); Thomas Chimes (1921 - 2009); Anna Coleman Ladd (1878 - 1939); [Constant Anton Nieuwenhuys] Constant (1920 - 2005); Analívia Cordeiro (1954); Magda Cordell Mchale (1921 - 2008); Henrique Alvim Corrêa (1876 - 1910); Beatriz Cortez (1970); Julien Creuzet (1986); Vitória Cribb (1996); Jie Cui (1983); Salvador Dalí (1904 - 1989); Lenora de Barros (1953); Jacqueline de Jong (1939 - 2024); Jorge Luis de la Vega (1930 - 1971); Jeremy Deller (1966); Ágnes Dénes (1931); Simon Denny (1982); Sara Deraedt (1984); Valentine de Saint-Point (1875 - 1953); Stephanie Dinkins (1964); Patricia Domínguez (1984); Jean Dubuffet (1901 - 1985); Marcel Duchamp (1887 - 1968); Melvin Edwards (1937); Janiva Ellis (1987); El [Lazar Markovich] Lissitzky (1890 - 1941); Ibrahim el-Salahi (1930); Sir Jacob Epstein (1880 - 1959); Max Ernst (1891 - 1976); Jaider Esbell (1979 - 2021); Jana Euler (1982); Alexandra Alexandrovna Exter (1882 - 1949); Harun Farocki (1944 - 2014); Jean Fautrier (1898 - 1964); Hugh Ferriss (1889 - 1962); William Allan Fetter (1928 - 2002); Raquel Forner (1902 - 1988); Otto Freundlich (1878 - 1943); Cyprien Gaillard (1980); Ryan Gander (1976); Anna Bella Geiger (1933); Alberto Giacometti (1901 - 1966); H. R. [Hans Rudi] Giger (1940); Frank Gilbreth (1868 - 1924); Leon Golub (1922 - 2004); Milford Graves (1941 - 2021); Karla Grosch (1904 - 1933); Aneta Grzeszykowska (1974); Brion Gysin (1916 - 1986); Samia Halaby (1936); Joan Hall (1952); Richard Hamilton (1922 - 2011); Cannupa Hanska Luger (1979); Matthew Angelo Harrison (1989); [George Grosz & John Heartfiled] Grosz & Heartfield; Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); Tamara Henderson (1982); Florence Henri (1893 - 1982); Camille Henrot (1978); Lynn Hershman Leeson (1941); Eva Hesse (1936 - 1970); Hannah Höch (1889 - 1979); Wayne Hodge (1976); Heinrich Hoerle (1895 - 1936); Judith Hopf (1969); Channa Horwitz (1932 - 2013); Ti-Shan Hsu (1951); Valentine Hugo (1887 - 1968); Jacqueline Humphries (1960); Pierre Huyghe (1962); Tatsuo IKEDA (1928 - 2020); Norio IMAI (1946); Arata Isozaki (1931 - 2022); Steffani Jemison (1981); Alexandre Jihel; Ann-Charlotte Johannesson (1943); Sargent Johnson (1887 - 1967); Asger [Asger Oluf Jørgensen] Jorn (1914 - 1973); Jamian Juliano-Villani (1987); Akira Kanayama (1924 - 2006); Frederick John Kiesler (1890 - 1965); Bodys Isek Kingelez (1948 - 2015); Konrad Klapheck (1935 - 2023); Alison Knowles (1933 - 2025); Kenneth C. Knowlton (1931 - 2022); Leon D. Harmon (1922 - 1983); Kiki Kogelnik (1935 - 1997); Gyula [Fernando Fallik] Kosice (1924 - 2016); Germaine Krull (1897 - 1985); Shigeko Kubota (1937 - 2015); Tetsumi KUDŌ (1935 - 1990); Christopher Kulendran Thomas (1979); Rudolf von Laban (1879 - 1958); Bruce Lacey (1927 - 2016); Greer Lankton (1958 - 1996); Ben F. [Benjamin Francis] Laposky (1914 - 2000); Maria Lassnig (1919 - 2014); June Leaf (1929 - 2024); Lee Bul (1964); Fernand Léger (1881 - 1955); Tau Lewis (1993); Bertina Lopes (1924 - 2012); Lu Yang (1984); Goshka Macuga (1967); Frank Joseph Malina (1912 - 1981); Ernest Mancoba (1904 - 2002); Abu Bakarr Mansaray (1970); Liliana Maresca (1951 - 1994); Daria Martin (1973); James Tilly Matthews (1770 - 1815); John McHale (1922 - 1978); Sidsel Meineche (1981); Edward Meneeley (1927 - 2012); Gustav Metzger (1926 - 2017); Marvin Minsky (1927 - 2016); Jakob Mohr (1884 - 1940); Manfred Mohr (1938); [Arthur S. Mole 1889-1983 & John D. Thomas] Mole & Thomas; Vera Molnár (1924 - 2023); Maina-Miriam Munsky (1943 - 1999); Zoran Antonio Mušič (1909 - 2005); Wangechi Mutu (1972); Natsuyuki Nakanishi (1935 - 2016); Malangatana Valente Ngwenya (1936 - 2011); Lennart Nilsson (1922 - 2017); Richard Bruce Nugent (1906 - 1987); Demas Nwoko (1935); Toyin Ojih Odutola (1985); Uche Okeke (1933 - 2016); Precious Okoyomon (1993); Henrik Olesen (1967); Berenice Olmedo (1987); John Outterbridge (1933 - 2020); Cato Ouyang (1993); [Louis Marcussen] Ovartaci (1894 - 1985); Nam June Paik (1932 - 2006); Jean Painlevé (1902 - 1989); Abraham Palatnik (1928 - 2020); Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (1924 - 2005); Philippe Parreno (1964); Wilder Graves Penfield (1891 - 1976); Valentine Penrose (1898 - 1978); Francis Picabia (1879 - 1953); Seth Price (1973); [Terje Brofos] Hariton Pushwagner (1940 - 2018); Carlo Rambaldi (1925 - 2012); Rammellzee (1960 - 2010); Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852 - 1934); [Emmanuel Rudinski] Man Ray (1890 - 1976); Regina Cassolo (1894 - 1974); Paula Figueroa Rego (1935 - 2022); Lili Reynaud-Dewar (1975); Germaine Richier (1902 - 1959); Albert Robida (1848 - 1926); Donald Rodney (1961 - 1998); Rosa [Edyth von Haynau] Rosà (1884 - 1978); Pamela Rosenkranz (1979); Mika Rottenberg (1976); Hannah Ryggen (1894 - 1970); August Sander (1876 - 1964); Xanti [Alexander] Schawinsky (1904 - 1979); Oskar Schlemmer (1888 - 1943); Nicolas Schoeffer (1912 - 1992); Marilou Schultz (1954); [Lavinia Schulz & Walter Holdt] Schulz & Holdt; Lillian Schwartz (1927 - 2024); Seher Shah (1975); Francis Newton Souza (1924 - 2002); Varvara Fjodorowna Stepanova (1894 - 1958); Hito Steyerl (1966); [Elaine Frances Sturtevant] Sturtevant (1924 - 2014); Angela Su (1958); Jenna Sutela (1983); Alina Szapocznikow (1926 - 1973); Pol Taburet (1997); Emma Talbot (1969); Atsuko Tanaka (1932 - 2005); Paul Thek (1933 - 1988); Jean Tinguely (1925 - 1991); Frieda Toranzo Jaeger (1988); [Marie Čermínová] Toyen (1902 - 1980); Franz Tschakert (1887 - 1958); [Morton Livingston Schamberg & Elsa von Freytag-Lohringhoven] Schamberger & Freytag-Lohringhoven; Kristin Walsh (1989); Alice Wang (1983); WangShui (1986); Andro Wekua (1977); H.C. [Horace Clifford] Westermann (1922 - 1981); Jack Whitten (1939 - 2018); Ulla Wiggen (1942); Jordan Wolfson (1980); Albert Wyndham Payne (1888 - 1974); Santiago Yahuarcani (1960); Anicka Yi (1971); Leah Ke Yi Zheng (1988); Unica Zürn (1916 - 1970); Portia Zvavahera (1985); Massimiliano Gioni; Gary Carrion-Murayari; Vivian Crockett; Madeline Weisburg; Calvin Wang;
Postwar Modern - New Art in Britain 1945-1965
Barbican Art Gallery	G	Mar 2022 - Jun 2022	London	(29)	+0
Alison, Jane (Curator)					+0

Postwar Modern - 'New Art in Britain 1945-1965' Barbican Art Gallery , United Kingdom London, United Kingdom Adrian Heath (1920 - 1992); Alan Davie (1920 - 2014); Alison Smithson (1928 - 1993); Anthony Hill (1930 - 2020); Anwar Jalal Shemza (1928 - 1985); Aubrey Williams (1926 - 1990); Avinash Chandra (1931 - 1991); Bert Hardy (1913 - 1995); Bill Brandt (1904 - 1983); David Hockney (1937); David Medalla (1942 - 2020); Denis Williams (1923 - 1998); Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (1924 - 2005); Elisabeth Frink (1930 - 1993); Eva Frankfurther (1930 - 1959); Francis Newton Souza (1924 - 2002); Francis Bacon (1909 - 1992); Franciszka Themerson (1907 - 1988); Frank Auerbach (1931 - 2024); Frank Bowling (1936); Gillian Ayres (1930 - 2018); Gustav Metzger (1926 - 2017); Hans Coper (1920 - 1981); Jean Cooke (1927); John Bratby (1928 - 1992); John Latham (1921 - 2006); John McHale (1922 - 1978); Kim Lim (1936 - 1997); Lee [Elizabeth] Miller [Lady Penrose] (1907 - 1977); Léon Kossoff (1926); Lucian Freud (1922 - 2011); Lucie Rie (1902 - 1995); Lynn Chadwick (1914 - 2003); Magda Cordell Mchale (1921 - 2008); Mary Martin (1907 - 1969); Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); Patrick Heron (1920 - 1999); Peter King (1928 - 1957); Peter Smithson (1923 - 2003); Prunella Clough (1919 - 1999); Richard Hamilton (1922 - 2011); Robert Adams (1917 - 1984); Robyn Denny (1930 - 2014); Roger Mayne (1929 - 2014); Shirley Baker (1932 - 2014); Sylvia Sleigh (1916 - 2010); Victor Pasmore (1908 - 1998); William Scott (1913 - 1989); William Turnbull (1922 - 2012); Jane Alison;
Das nackte Leben - Bacon, Freud, Hockney und andere. Malerei in London 1950–80
LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur	G	Nov 2014 - Feb 2015	Münster	(171)	+0
Lampert, Catherine (Curator)					+0
Pirsig-Marshall, Tanja (Curator)					+0

Das nackte Leben - 'Bacon, Freud, Hockney und andere. Malerei in London 1950–80' LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur , Germany Münster, Germany Michael Andrews (1928 - 1995); Frank Auerbach (1931 - 2024); Francis Bacon (1909 - 1992); David Bomberg (1890 - 1957); Patrick Caulfield (1936); Sir William Coldstream (1908 - 1987); Lucian Freud (1922 - 2011); Richard Hamilton (1922 - 2011); Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); David Hockney (1937); Allen Jones (1937); R.B. [Ronald Brooks] Kitaj (1932 - 2007); Léon Kossoff (1926); Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (1924 - 2005); Walter Richard Sickert (1860 - 1942); Euan Uglow (1932 - 2000); Catherine Lampert; Tanja Pirsig-Marshall;
Tate Liverpool	G	May 2013 - Oct 2013	Liverpool	(84)	+0

N/A Tate Liverpool , United Kingdom Liverpool, United Kingdom Marina Abramović (1946); Barbara Hepworth (1903 - 1975); Barbara Kruger (1945); [Emmanuel Rudinski] Man Ray (1890 - 1976); Henri Matisse (1869 - 1954); Robert Morris (1931 - 2018); Hélio Oiticica (1937 - 1980); Pablo Picasso (1881 - 1973); Jackson Pollock (1912 - 1956); Robert Adams (1937); Francis Alÿs (1959); Eleanor Antin (1935); Rasheed Araeen (1935); Jean [Hans] Arp (1886 - 1966); Giacomo Balla (1871 - 1958); David Batchelor (1955); Herbert Bayer (1900 - 1985); David Bomberg (1890 - 1957); Pierre Bonnard (1867 - 1947); Louise Bourgeois (1911 - 2010); Constantin Brâncusi (1876 - 1957); Georges Braque (1882 - 1963); Stuart Brisley (1933); Angela Bulloch (1966); Daniel Buren (1938); Victor Burgin (1941); André Cadere (1934 - 1978); John Cage (1912 - 1992); Claude [Lucy Schwob] Cahun (1894 - 1954); Paul Cézanne (1839 - 1906); [Christo Javacheff] Christo (1935 - 2020); Lygia Clark (1920 - 1988); Jeremy Deller (1966); Trisha Donnelly (1974); Jean Dubuffet (1901 - 1985); Marcel Duchamp (1887 - 1968); Max Ernst (1891 - 1976); León Ferrari (1920 - 2013); Barry Flanagan (1941 - 2009); Naum [Naum Neemia Pevsner] Gabo (1890 - 1977); Jack Goldstein (1945 - 2003); Ryan Gander (1976); Henri Gaudier-Brzeska (1891 - 1915); Isa Genzken (1948); Sam Gilliam (1933 - 2022); Liam Gillick (1964); Albert Léon Gleizes (1881 - 1953); K.O. [Karl Otto] Götz (1914 - 2017); Duncan James Corrowr Grant (1885 - 1978); Mona Hatoum (1952); Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); Douglas Huebler (1924 - 1997); Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880 - 1938); Edward Krasiński (1925 - 2004); Louise Lawler (1947); Mark Leckey (1964); Robert Longo (1953); Len Lye (1901 - 1980); Daria Martin (1973); Mary Martin (1907 - 1969); Henrik Mekas; Jean Metzinger (1883 - 1956); Joan Miró (1893 - 1983); Henry Moore (1898 - 1986); Paul Nash (1889 - 1946); Bruce Nauman (1941); Henrik Olesen (1967); Dennis Oppenheim (1938 - 2011); John Piper (1903 - 1992); William Whitehead Ratcliffe (1870 - 1955); Charles Ray (1953); Auguste [Pierre-Auguste] Renoir (1841 - 1919); Dieter (Diter Rot) Roth (1930 - 1998); Doris Salcedo (1958); Santiago Sierra (1966); John Smith (1952); Simon Starling (1967); Haim Steinbach (1944); Alina Szapocznikow (1926 - 1973); Jirō TAKAMATSU (1936 - 1998); Dorothea Tanning (1910 - 2012); Armando Andrade Tudela (1975); VALIE EXPORT (1940); Paule Vézelay (1892 - 1984); Stephen Willats (1943); Carey Young (1970); Yuan-Chia Li (1929 - 1994); Cerith Wyn Evans (1958); Eileen Forrester Agar (1899 - 1991); Natalia Sergeyevna Goncharova (1881 - 1962); Ufan [Yi U-hwan] LEE (1936);
This is Tomorrow - TiT - (Revisited)
Read texts, reviews, comments, and Press Releases about this exhibition for more insight
Whitechapel Gallery	G	Sep 2010 - Mar 2011	London	(418)	+0
Yiakoumaki, Nayia (Curator)					+0

This is Tomorrow - TiT - '(Revisited)' Whitechapel Gallery , United Kingdom London, United Kingdom Robert Adams (1917 - 1984); Peter Carter; J.D.H. Catleugh; Theo Crosby (1925 - 1994); Marcel Duchamp (1887 - 1968); John Ernest (1922 - 1994); Germano Facetti (1926 - 2006); Ernő Goldfinger (1902 - 1987); Richard Hamilton (1922 - 2011); Adrian Heath (1920 - 1992); Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); Anthony Hill (1930 - 2020); Geoffrey Holroyd; James Hull (1921 - 1990); Anthony Jackson; Sarah Jackson (1924 - 2004); Kenneth Martin (1905 - 1984); Mary Martin (1907 - 1969); Richard Matthews; John McHale (1922 - 1978); Frank Newby (1926 - 2001); Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (1924 - 2005); Victor Pasmore (1908 - 1998); Helen Elizabeth Phillips (1913 - 1994); Michael Pine; Toni del Renzio (1915 - 2007); Emilio Scanavino (1922 - 1986); Peter Smithson (1923 - 2003); James Frazer Stirling (1926 - 1992); Leslie Thornton (1925 - 2016); William Turnbull (1922 - 2012); John Voelcker (1927 - 1972); John Weeks (1921 - 2005); Denis Williams (1923 - 1998); Colin St. John Wilson (1922 - 2007); Edward Wright (1912 - 1988); Alison Smithson (1928 - 1993); Nayia Yiakoumaki;
The Approach	G	Nov 2008 - Feb 2009	London	(110)	+0
Cotton, Michelle (Curator)					+0
Robertson, Emma (Curator)					+0

N/A The Approach , United Kingdom London, United Kingdom Phyllis Baron; [Phyllis Barron 1890-1964 & Dorothy Larcher 1884-1962] Barron & Larcher; Vanessa Bell (1879 - 1961); John Rutherford Boyd (1884 - 1951); Alice Channer (1977); Salvador Dalí (1904 - 1989); David David; Sonia Delaunay-Terk (1885 - 1979); Raoul Dufy (1877 - 1953); Sean Edwards (1980); Festival Pattern Group; Charlie Hammond; Sebastian Hammwöhner (1974); Matthew Harrison; Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); Lisa Lapinski (1967); Ruth Laskey (1975); Arnold Lever; Maria M. Loboda (1979); James Clerk Maxwell; Paul Sharits (1943 - 1993); Humphrey Spender (1910 - 2005); Edward Wadsworth (1889 - 1949); Henry Moore (1898 - 1986); Carter Mull; Ben Nicholson (1894 - 1982); Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (1924 - 2005); Pablo Picasso (1881 - 1973); Bridget Riley (1931); Amanda Ross-Ho (1975); Michelle Cotton; Emma Robertson;
Expérimentations photographiques en Europe - Des années 1920 à nos jours
Centre Pompidou - Musée National d'Art Moderne	G	Nov 2008 - Mar 2009	Paris	(144)	+0

Expérimentations photographiques en Europe - 'Des années 1920 à nos jours' Centre Pompidou - Musée National d'Art Moderne , France Paris, France Didier Bay (1944); Hannes Beckmann (1909 - 1977); Hans Bellmer (1902 - 1975); Mieczyslaw Berman (1903 - 1975); Joseph Beuys (1921 - 1986); [Théodore Blanc 1898-1985 & Antoine Demilly 1862-1964] Blanc & Demilly; Bernhard Johannes Blume (1937 - 2011); Pierre Boucher (1908 - 2000); [Gyula Halász] Brassaï (1899 - 1984); Victor Burgin (1941); Sophie Calle (1953); Pierre Cordier (1933 - 2024); Denis Darzacq (1961); Jan Dibbets (1941); César Domela (1900 - 1992); František Drtikol (1883 - 1961); Max Ernst (1891 - 1976); [Gilbert Prousch 1943 & George Passmore 1942] Gilbert & George; Heinz Hajek-Halke (1898 - 1983); Raoul Hausmann (1886 - 1971); Nigel Henderson (1917 - 1985); Florence Henri (1893 - 1982); Georges Hugnet (1906 - 1974); Pierre Jahan (1909 - 2003); André Kertész (1894 - 1985); François Kollar (1904 - 1979); Germaine Krull (1897 - 1985); Natacha Lesueur (1971); Herbert List (1903 - 1975); Knud Lonberg-Holm (1895 - 1972); Lucien Lorelle (1894 - 1968); [Emmanuel Rudinski] Man Ray (1890 - 1976); Annette Messager (1943); Arno Rafael Minkkinen (1945); László Móhóly-Nagy (1895 - 1946); Giulio Paolini (1940); Roger Parry (1905 - 1977); Arnulf Rainer (1929 - 2025); Judit Reigl (1923 - 2020); Aleksander Mikhailovich Rodchenko (1891 - 1956); Franz Roh (1890 - 1965); Éric Rondepierre (1950); Jaroslav Rössler (1902 - 1990); François Rouan (1943); Charlotte Rudolph (1896 - 1983); Hinnerk Scheper (1897 - 1957); Kurt Schwitters (1887 - 1948); Jindřich Štyrský (1899 - 1942); Georges Tony Stoll (1955); Maurice Tabard (1897 - 1984); Patrick Tosani (1954); François Tuefferd; Raoul (Rolf Ubach) Ubac (1910 - 1985); [Otto Umbehr] Umbo (1902 - 1980); Ger van Elk (1941 - 2014); Paul Wolff (1887 - 1951); Erwin Wurm (1954); Chirū (Tiroux) Yamanaka; Willy Otto Zielke (1902 - 1989); René Zuber (1902 - 1979); Sigurður Guðmundsson (1942); Arkady Samoylovich Shaikhet [Chaïkhet] (1898 - 1959);